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Caraharman (Vadu)

Presentation 'Bibliographic and Archive references presentation'

 
Bibliography 
Archival Reference 
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TitleHistory of the name
 
Paragraph 
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TitlePlace
 
ParagraphCountry: Romania
Geopolitical unit: South East Europe
Administrative subdivision: Constanta County
 
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TitleLocation
 
Paragraphon the western coast of the Black sea, close to present village Vadu
 
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TitleFoundation date
 
Paragraph17th century 
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TitleCurrent condition
Paragraphvillage,agriculture, fishing 
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TitleHistory:  
ParagraphOn the site of the present village Vadu, there were several successive settlements  since antiquity (Vicus Celeris), continuing in medieval times (13th – 15th centuries) with the harbor Zanauarda, Zanavarda, Zaravalda, Çanauarda, Zenouarda, Çinauarda etc. (names from the Italian cartography of that time) and then with the late medieval and modern harbor and city Kara-Kerman, Kara-Herman, Kara-Kirman, Karairman or Kara-Harman (according to Turkish sources). The Turkish name translates as Black Area and suggests the richness in grain of the area.
Karaharman city was built in the 18th century due to the pirate raids of the Cossacks; the city had a rectangular precinct with four round towers at the corners with large caliber guns.
Papers from the beginning of the 18th century mention Karaharman among the main western harbors from the Black Sea.
Russian-Turkish wars, started in 1768 and developed over an entire century (1768-1870), led to the ruin of the province and therefore of the city and harbor of Karaharman.
The blocking with sand of the southern arm of the Danube made the city to decay at the stage of a mere village inhabited by farmers and fishermen. The fortification from Karaharman was demolished as a consequence of the Russian-Turkish war from 1828-1829 but the harbor continued to function with interruptions until mid-19th century.
Researches were made at Ghiaurchioi in a Christian necropolis from the 18th century which overlaps an earlier habitation, probably from the 16th – 17th centuries where a house was excavated dated with 3 AV from Suleyman II and Murad III. At Ghiaurchioi were also discovered ceramics Miletus type (15th century), workshops from Kutahya dated in the 16th – 18th centuries, a fragment of a Chinese bowl from the 17th century together with late medieval ceramics with olive green, brown or lime enamel, remains of some iron objects. In the tombs investigated were found glass beads, rings with stone made of colored glass paste, buckles, and small coins from 17th-18th centuries.
 
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TitleDescription 
ParagraphCan not be visited 
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TitleHarbor: 
ParagraphThe harbor was located at the mouth of the southernmost arm of Danube that flows into the Black Sea; today it is blocked with sand.
Due to the fact that the harbor was mentioned in numerous cartographic works, it seems that it was an important stopover point for Italian merchants. Later, in the Ottoman period, Karaharman experienced an important development as city and harbor with its own customs regulation since the mid sixteenth century.
Various products were being sold and transported like grain, vegetables, fruits, wine, animals (sheep, goats, and cattle), fish, furs, handicraft products made of metal, shoes, clothes and even slaves. Agricultural products, fish and wood were brought either from Dobrudja or from Wallachia and were used for the supply of Istanbul and processed products came from Balkan centers. Goods were stored in the warehouses which existed in port.
 
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TitleFortification
ParagraphArcheological researches made in the 80s brought to light part of the precinct of  Karaharman city and housing remains of a Christian village near the city.
During the excavations made at the fortification 21 coin hoards were found, one of them of great value dated in the 17th century (247 gold and silver coins deposited in a pot covered with lid, 176 AV, 71 AR) and another one from the 18th century with Ottoman false or imitated pieces (93 copies) together with ceramics, weaponry and hardware.
 
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TitleMedieval sites / museums :  
Paragraph- 
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TitleTextual sources
 
ParagraphCălători străini despre ţările române, VI, Bucureşti, 1976.
 
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TitleBibliography: 
ParagraphAlexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, M. M., Aspecte ale vieţii economice din oraşele şi tîrgurile Dobrogei sub stăpânirea otomană (sec. XV-XVII), Studii. Revista de istorie, 26, 1973, 1, p. 33-48.Baraschi, S., Chera, C., Note de topografie medievală dobrogeană, SCIVA, 32, 1981, 2, p. 253-260.Baraschi, S., Despre civilizaţia urbană din Dobrogea în secolele XI-XIV, SCIVA, 42 (1991), 3-4, p. 133-152.Baraschi, S., Sur la topographie ponto-danubienne au Moyen Âge. II. Grosseto=Grossea, Banbola, Zanavarda, RRH, 29, 1990, 1-2, p. 121-135.Beşevliev, B., Turska voenna karta na Severnoto i ceast ot zapadnota Cernomorie ot vtorata polovina  na XVIII v., Isvestija Varna 18 (33), 1982, p. 126-138.Cihodaru, C., Litoralul de apus al Mării Negre şi cursul inferior al Dunării în cartografia medievală (secolele XII-XIV), Studii, Revista de istorie, 21, 1968, 1, p. 217-241.Custurea, G., Monede feudale româneşti descoperite în Dobrogea, Peuce 8, 1980, p. 497-498.Eskenasy, V., Izvoare cartografice medievale despre teritoriul românesc. Observaţii pe marginea unei lucrări recente, Revista de istorie, 33, 1980, 4, p. 759-766.Isopescu, S., Dans la Dobroudja ottoman aux XVIe – XVIIIe siècles: le château-fort de Karaharman et son trésor, în vol. Guerre et société en Europe. Perspectives des nouvelles recherches, Bucureşti, 2004, p. 63-81.Isopescu, S., Dans la Mer Noire pendant l’antiquité et le Moyen Age: En louvoyant à la recherche de l’ancienne bouche sud du Danube, RRH, 21, 1982, 2, p. 283-302.Isopescu, S., Le trésor de Vadu (dép. Constanta) [du XIVe s. fin du XVIIe s.], RPH 13, 1988, 2, p. 135-139.Isopescu, S., Portul şi Qaraharman. O contribuţie la navigaţia pontică în secolele XIV-XIX, Dobrogea 1878-2008, ed. V. Ciorbea, p. 115-124.Isopescu, S., Tezaurul monetar din cetatea Armanul Negru, Magazin Istoric, 12, 1987, p. 26-28.Isopescu, S., The Hoard of Vadu, Romania – Papers of History 13, 1988, 2, p. 135-139. Mateescu, T., Une ville disparue de la Dobroudja-Karaharman, Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi, Istanbul, 1971, p. 297-343.Soreanu, M., Fortificaţii şi porturi otomane la Marea Neagră, Revista de istorie Militară 3-4 (119-120), 2010, p. 12-20.Tunçer, Hadiye, Osmanli imparatorluğunda toprak hukuku, arazi kanunlari ve kanun açiklamalari, Ankara, 1962, p. 212-220. 
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TitleLinks: 
Paragraph 
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TitleWriter 
ParagraphGabriel Custurea 
 
  
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