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Caraharman (Vadu)
Presentation
'Bibliographic and Archive references presentation'
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Archival Reference |
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Title | History of the name
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Title | Place
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Paragraph | Country: Romania Geopolitical unit: South East Europe
Administrative subdivision: Constanta County
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Title | Location
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Paragraph | on the western coast of
the Black sea, close to present village Vadu
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Title | Foundation date:
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Paragraph | 17th
century
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Title | Current condition:
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Paragraph | village,agriculture, fishing
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Title | History:
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Paragraph | On the site of the present
village Vadu, there were several successive settlements since antiquity (Vicus Celeris), continuing
in medieval times (13th – 15th centuries) with the harbor
Zanauarda, Zanavarda, Zaravalda, Çanauarda, Zenouarda, Çinauarda etc. (names
from the Italian cartography of that time) and then with the late medieval and
modern harbor and city Kara-Kerman, Kara-Herman, Kara-Kirman, Karairman or
Kara-Harman (according to Turkish sources). The Turkish name translates as
Black Area and suggests the richness in grain of the area. Karaharman city was built in the 18th century
due to the pirate raids of the Cossacks; the city had a rectangular precinct
with four round towers at the corners with large caliber guns.
Papers from
the beginning of the 18th century mention Karaharman among the main
western harbors from the Black Sea.
Russian-Turkish
wars, started in 1768 and developed over an entire century (1768-1870), led to
the ruin of the province and therefore of the city and harbor of Karaharman.
The blocking with sand of
the southern arm of the Danube made the city to decay at the stage of a mere
village inhabited by farmers and fishermen. The fortification from Karaharman
was demolished as a consequence of the Russian-Turkish war from 1828-1829 but
the harbor continued to function with interruptions until mid-19th
century.
Researches
were made at Ghiaurchioi in a Christian necropolis from the 18th
century which overlaps an earlier habitation, probably from the 16th
– 17th centuries where a house was excavated dated with 3 AV from
Suleyman II and Murad III. At Ghiaurchioi were also discovered ceramics Miletus
type (15th century), workshops from Kutahya dated in the 16th
– 18th centuries, a fragment of a Chinese bowl from the 17th
century together with late medieval ceramics with olive green, brown or lime
enamel, remains of some iron objects. In the tombs investigated were found
glass beads, rings with stone made of colored glass paste, buckles, and small
coins from 17th-18th centuries.
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Title | Description
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Paragraph | Can
not be visited
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Title | Harbor:
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Paragraph | The harbor was located at
the mouth of the southernmost arm of Danube that flows into the Black Sea;
today it is blocked with sand.
Due to the
fact that the harbor was mentioned in numerous cartographic works, it seems
that it was an important stopover point for Italian merchants. Later, in the
Ottoman period, Karaharman experienced an important development as city and
harbor with its own customs regulation since the mid sixteenth century.
Various products were
being sold and transported like grain, vegetables, fruits, wine, animals (sheep,
goats, and cattle), fish, furs, handicraft products made of metal, shoes,
clothes and even slaves. Agricultural products, fish and wood were brought
either from Dobrudja or from Wallachia and were used for the supply of Istanbul
and processed products came from Balkan centers. Goods were stored in the
warehouses which existed in port.
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Title | Fortification:
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Paragraph | Archeological researches
made in the 80s brought to light part of the precinct of Karaharman city and housing remains of a
Christian village near the city.
During the
excavations made at the fortification 21 coin hoards were found, one of them of
great value dated in the 17th century (247 gold and silver coins
deposited in a pot covered with lid, 176 AV, 71 AR) and another one from the 18th
century with Ottoman false or imitated pieces (93 copies) together with
ceramics, weaponry and hardware.
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Title | Medieval sites / museums :
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Paragraph | -
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Title | Textual sources
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Paragraph | Călători străini despre ţările române, VI, Bucureşti, 1976.
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Title | Bibliography:
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Paragraph | Alexandrescu-Dersca
Bulgaru, M. M., Aspecte ale vieţii economice din oraşele şi tîrgurile
Dobrogei sub stăpânirea otomană (sec. XV-XVII), Studii.
Revista de istorie, 26, 1973, 1, p. 33-48.Baraschi,
S., Chera, C., Note de topografie medievală dobrogeană,
SCIVA, 32, 1981, 2, p. 253-260.Baraschi, S., Despre civilizaţia urbană din Dobrogea
în secolele XI-XIV, SCIVA, 42 (1991), 3-4, p. 133-152.Baraschi,
S., Sur
la topographie ponto-danubienne au Moyen Âge. II. Grosseto=Grossea,
Banbola, Zanavarda, RRH, 29, 1990, 1-2, p. 121-135.Beşevliev,
B., Turska
voenna karta na Severnoto i ceast ot zapadnota Cernomorie ot vtorata
polovina na XVIII v.,
Isvestija Varna 18 (33), 1982, p. 126-138.Cihodaru,
C., Litoralul
de apus al Mării Negre şi cursul inferior al Dunării în cartografia
medievală (secolele XII-XIV), Studii, Revista de istorie, 21,
1968, 1, p. 217-241.Custurea, G., Monede feudale româneşti descoperite în
Dobrogea, Peuce 8, 1980, p. 497-498.Eskenasy,
V., Izvoare
cartografice medievale despre teritoriul românesc. Observaţii pe marginea
unei lucrări recente, Revista de istorie, 33, 1980, 4, p.
759-766.Isopescu, S., Dans la Dobroudja ottoman aux XVIe
– XVIIIe siècles: le château-fort de Karaharman et son
trésor,
în
vol. Guerre
et société en Europe. Perspectives des nouvelles recherches,
Bucureşti, 2004, p. 63-81.Isopescu, S., Dans la Mer Noire pendant l’antiquité
et le Moyen Age: En louvoyant à la recherche de l’ancienne bouche sud du
Danube,
RRH, 21, 1982, 2, p. 283-302.Isopescu,
S., Le
trésor de Vadu (dép. Constanta) [du XIVe s. fin du XVIIe s.], RPH 13, 1988, 2, p.
135-139.Isopescu, S., Portul şi Qaraharman. O contribuţie
la navigaţia pontică în secolele XIV-XIX, Dobrogea 1878-2008,
ed. V. Ciorbea, p. 115-124.Isopescu,
S., Tezaurul
monetar din cetatea Armanul Negru, Magazin Istoric, 12, 1987, p.
26-28.Isopescu,
S., The
Hoard of Vadu, Romania – Papers of History 13, 1988, 2, p.
135-139. Mateescu,
T., Une
ville disparue de la Dobroudja-Karaharman, Tarih
Enstitüsü Dergisi, Istanbul, 1971, p. 297-343.Soreanu,
M., Fortificaţii
şi porturi otomane la Marea Neagră, Revista de istorie Militară 3-4
(119-120), 2010, p. 12-20.Tunçer,
Hadiye, Osmanli imparatorluğunda toprak hukuku, arazi kanunlari ve kanun
açiklamalari, Ankara, 1962, p. 212-220.
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Title | Links:
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Title | Writer
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Paragraph | Gabriel
Custurea
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